Values in competition

a. Fitness                -       Biological value

b. Knowledge       -       Informational value

c. Skills                   -       Skilled or performance value

d. Pleasure            -       Experimental value

a. Fitness                -       Biological value

·       The high value placed on the fitness show up in concern for such matter as organic well being, aerobic & anaerobic fitness, strength, flexibility, weight reduction, youth appearance & lower blood pressure.

b. Knowledge       -       Informational value

·       The high value placed on the knowledge show up in concern for research eliminating te “dumb Jack” stereotype & various type of learning about human movement.

 c. Skills                   -       Skilled or performance value

·       The high value placed on skills shows up in concern for motor skills development, the learning of sport and games skilled, the acquisition of general movement & the achievement of excellent

d. Pleasure            -       Experimental value

·       The high value placed on pleasure show up in concern for fun, meaningful involvement self  

          development & satisfaction of various sorts.

Physical Activity Pattern

Physical activity pattern of this study referred to preference of activities were influence the university students. The previous study data showed that the numbers of the inactive students were greater when the student’s age is increase from secondary to university or college. A study in united state showed inactivity among youth is increase by grade by grade level from 24.3% in 9^th grade to 38.9% in 12^th grade and in additional, inactivity is highest among black youth 36.4% and lowest among white youth 29.3% (Brownson 2005).

The nationwide rate was 24.9% in 2007 with considerable sex and ethnic differences in the rates. More girls than boys 31.8% vs. 18.0% and more Black 32.0% than Caucasian 22.4% and Hispanic 27.1% students did not participate in 60 or more minutes of physical activity during the last 7 day. According to Li (2009), engaging in any types of physical activity declines as age or grade in school increases and generally people who have lower levels of education and income are least active in their leisure time. USDHHS (2000) reported that 40 % do not participate in any regular physical activity. Studies in European population revealed similar results that more than half of the population 57.4% did not participate vigorous physical activity (Eurobarometer, 2003).

In the previous study also showed that lack of time, set to in activity and less social support is barrier for the students being active in physical activity. This has been stated as first, second and third barrier in the Perceived barriers by university students in the practice of physical activities (Gomez, 2010). Not having enough time was the most important barrier for not participating in physical activity in another study by Daskapan (2005). This result also similar to the previous study Motivation and Barriers to exercise among college students (Ebben, 2008)

Sub pattern of physical activity is how frequent they participate in physical activity in a week. The term frequent refers to how many times a week you do or participate in the physical activity. In literature above has showed that inactivity among youth is increase by grade or age (Li 2009) and there were highest among black youth were inactivity (Brownson, 2005). All this study has showed that it will impacts the frequent of their involvement. For example, 3 days a week or 5 times a week as recommended similar to article, physical activity recommendations really do matter (Mark, 2008) or less. 

The final sub patterns were length of the time or duration per activity. This sub pattern is referring to how long the exercise has been done in a time. As discussed above Black and Caucasian and Hispanic students did not participate in 60 or more minutes of physical activity during a week. Previous study recommended that 15 to 30 minutes is the recommended time in every physical activity involve, (Burapadaja, 2006). Another study showed for youth should spend 30 – 40 minutes long for a physical activity (William, 2005). Based on this literature, the duration or length of the physical activity must be increased to the transition from kids to youth or adolescents.

According to Johnson (1977), competition contributes towards positive individuals’ development.

Benefit of competition

1.   Personal development

·       Improved self-concept

·       Greater self confident

·       Spiritual growth

·       Self actualization

2.   Physical development

·       Enhanced fitness & physical well being

·       Improved coordination & balanced

·       Increased stamina

·       Reduce risks coronary heart disease

·       Helping control blood pressure

·       Maintained strong bones, muscular & healthy joints

·       Enhanced sleep quality & quantity

·       Regulates weight

·       Promotes health

·       Develop skills

·    Recognize the risks & safety factors associated with regular participation in competition.

 3.   Mental development

·    Improves academic performance

·    Know the rules, strategies & appropriate behavior for selected competition

·   Increase interest in learning, understanding & appreciation of certain scientific, principles concerned with movement (Bio-mechanics)

·    Promotes self discipline

·    Encourage goal setting

·  Developing an understanding & appreciation of competition so that life will become more meaningful, purposive & productive.

·   Recognize the participation in competition can lead to multi-cultural international understanding

4.   Psychological & Social development

·       Development of interpersonal relationship

·       Improves self-confidence and self esteem

·   Understand that competition provides opportunities for enjoyment & self-expression

·       Provides an outlet for stress.

Values Orientation in Sport

Character Building

· The most common virtue attributed to sport participation.

·  Development of socially desirable personality traits such as integrity, responsibility wholesomeness, maturity, honesty, dependability & Cleanliness

Discipline

·  Means obedience to authority

·  Sport ethic participation generates self-discipline & social Control

Competition

·  Another view of the sport values is in essence.

·  LIFE IS STRUGGLE THAT ONLY THE FITTEST SERVICE

·  Sport competitive spirit, develop tomorrow leaders

·  Competitive behavior is unavoidable

·  Not only sport but many varieties of games are structured in this fashion.

·  Competition procedures excitement among participant

·  People compete because it excites them

·  Social comparison theory :- individual engage in an activity to compare themselves with other

Physical Fitness

·  Much confusion surrounding physical fitness because people have different meaning in mind:

a.  Big Muscles or beautiful body

b.  Suppleness

c.  How strong you are, how far & how fast you can run or how many laps & push up you can do.

·       Exercise Physiologist identify 5 different Fitness:

                                                         i.            Cardio Respiratory

                                                        ii.            Body composition

                                                       iii.            Muscular strength

                                                       iv.            muscular endurance

                                                        v.            Flexibility

Mental fitness

·  Games lubricates the body & wind

·  Often pressured to have direct educational benefit, is another frequently mentioned manifestation of sport participation

Religiosity

·   Sport and religion have been interfaced for entries

·   Sport contained demands characteristic of religiosity within & severed as a perversion for life

Nationalism

·  Sport reinforces nationalism & a patriotism form of centuries is the practice of judging alien cultural practices by the standard of one’s own culture.

1. 
   

Cons Definition: Sport

1)  Sport ·       As playing cooperative/competitive activity in the game form ·       Divided into 4: a)   Educational Sport a)  Teaching sport skills, strategies,& Knowledge or purpose of educating student through formal academic course b)  Applied in both public & Private system of formal education b)   Athletic Sport a)  Directing individual; in sport towards the margin of excellent or success in performance which can be identified as winning c)   Professional Sport a)  Marketing sport events with an emphasis on entertainment & a financial remuneration to highly skilled participant d)  Recreational Sport a)  Programming sport activity for the sake of participation & fun b)  It is a diverse area that incorporates 5 separates program divisions: 1. Instructional sport ·       Providing learning opportunities about skills strategies, rules & regulation for the purpose of helping participants improve performance ·       Lesson, clinic, & workshop ·       Levels instructional     * Beginner *Intermediate *Advanced 2. Informal sport ·       Involves a process of directed participation ·       Participate in sport for fitness & fun    3. Intramural sport ·       Consists of structured contests, tournament, leagues or other events when participation is limited to the setting within which the total recreational sport system is located 4. Extramural sport ·       Structured participation between setting ·       An extension of the intramural sport program, this programming area is primarily designed to utilize intramural champion ·       Example : MASUM 5. Club sport ·       Undertaken by interest group organized because of  a common interest in sport ·       Example :       Golf Equestrian

The Most Influencing Factors of Physical Activity Participation - May 2011

The 3 Most Influencing Factors of Physical Activity Participation are :

1. Health Factor
2. Social Recognition
3. Enjoyment

The findings after testing all items in the 5 dimensions or variables, we can see that there are no significance differences between influence factor that influence Universiti Kuala Lumpur students to be involved in physical activity. According to data collects showed, with mean score M=3.33 for health factor, M=3.1850 for social recognition factor and in additional M=3.17 for enjoyment factor showed the factor of influence the participation among Universiti Kuala Lumpur respondents in physical activity. Another 2 variables were below than M=3.00 including competition and environment factors.

The result of this test indicates that all dimension or variables shows the same result and was the answer to the first research question. According to Biddle (1998), Iso-Ahola (1980) and Lim (2002), (2004) showed many students also participate in physical activities because of health and similar to the perceived positive health and fitness benefits as well as social and psychological benefits. In additional previous qualitative study also shows has identified a series of meanings, perceptions and beliefs which are able to extend our theoretical understanding of physical activity participation for this age and gender group and identify potentially modifiable determinants for attention in health interventions (Coleman, 2008).

The research also found that social recognition factor also contributes to the influence of the participation of physical activity among Universiti Kuala Lumpur students similar to an interviewed has been done on having learn new skills, increased self-esteem, improved fitness and developed new social networks as motivation to be physically active, (Flintoff, 2005)  and other study showed knowledge of peer group will enable parents, teachers and trainers to guide action to either strengthen the perceived climate or redirect it and thus increase self determination motivation and positive sensation felt during participate in physical activity (Moreno, 2008). This research study has found that all factors influence University Kuala Lumpur students to be involved in physical activity involvement are also similar to the theoretical underpinning as Maslow’s hierarchy 1954 that three stages including safety, love / belonging and esteem.

Other factor is enjoyment which also similar to previous study that enjoyment, interest, fun, and persistence also called intrinsic motivation and it may seem like a program factor but sense of enjoyment is an individual belief (Ryan 2009). In additional previous study also found interest, enjoyment, fun, and persistence is more often as predictors of participation and non-participation than perceived health benefits (Young, 2005).

Definisi Sukan

Definisi Sukan

Sukan didefinisikan sebagai satu aktiviti kerjasama /daya saing dalam bentuk permainan.

Terbahagi kepada 4 iaitu: 

1. Pendidikan Sukan (teknik, kemahiran, pengetahuan), 
• Pengajaran kemahiran, strategi, & Pengetahuan bagi tujuan mendidik pelajar melalui kursus akademik rasmi.
2. Sukan Atlit (kearah atau Mencapai Kemerlangan), 
• Mengarahkan individu; dalam sukan ke arah margin cemerlang atau mencapai kejayaan dalam prestasi yang boleh dikenalpasti sebagai pemenang
3. Sukan Profesional (penekanan kepada hiburan dan inbuhan kewangan)
• Pemasaran dengan penekanan kepada hiburan & imbuhan kewangan kepada peserta yang berkemahiran tinggi.
4. Sukan Rekreasi (sesuatu yang menyeronokkan atau tanpa dipaksa) 
• Pengaturcaraan sukan aktiviti tanpa paksaan & menyeronokkan

Definisi lain:-

1. Exercise
• Means to practice, to strengthen or to condition through physical activitie
2. Play
• Refer to amusement engage in freely for fun & devoid constraint
3. Recreation
• Refresh or renew one’s strength & spirit after toil with or with without activity
4. Games
• Usually implying winners Or losers can be range from simple diversion
5. Leisure
• Freedom from constraint
• Opportunities to choose
• Time left after work
• Free time after obligating social duties have been met
• he/she must volunteer (not by force), free choice(up to individual) & in strangely motivated
• Time span in which there is freedom choice & lack compulsion
6. Competitive Sport
• Organized highly structured, competitive activities in which skilled individuals participate